In 1984, Sankar Chatterjee – curator of paleontology for the Museum of Texas Tech University – and his student, Bryan Small, made an astounding discovery.
Working on Seymour Island in Antarctica, they uncovered the fossilized skull of an animal they'd never seen before. While it was obviously a plesiosaur – a Cretaceous-period marine reptile scientists first discovered in the early 1600s – this plesiosaur was unlike any previously found. They named the new species Morturneria and brought its skeleton back to the Museum of Texas Tech.
Now, 33 years later, Chatterjee and his team have made a new discovery about Morturneria, one that adds a whole new dimension to science's understanding of plesiosaurs – and larger than that, to the understanding of evolution itself.
More than 65 million years ago, the Earth's oceans were populated with many animals still found there today, like fish, krill and sharks. But one of the oceans' biggest predators, the plesiosaurs, went extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs on land.
"Often, plesiosaurs are called sea monsters," said Chatterjee, a Horn Professor in the Department of Geosciences. "They were large – 50 feet long, superb swimmers and occupied the top of the marine food chain. Although dinosaurs are very familiar to everyone, during their days, the sea was ruled by these monster-like plesiosaurs. Like dinosaurs on land, they dominated the sea from Arctic to Antarctic waters. "
Plesiosaurs had a broad, flat body and short tail, four long flippers they used to "fly" through the water, long necks and very sharp teeth.
"The teeth of most plesiosaurs are conical, stout, sharp, robust and ideal for stabbing and killing large animals," Chatterjee said.
But as he wrote in his 1984 paper announcing Morturneria's discovery, "the long, slender and delicate teeth may have formed a 'trapping' device that enabled (the animals) to feed on small fish and crustaceans that abound in the same deposits."